This is my suggestion for the term in your context: "tantruming child"

نوبة غضب is indeed the equivalent term in Arabic, so you may translate it as "الأطفال الذين تنتابهم نوبات غضب ويحتاجون لتعلم... قدرا من تهدئة النفس (أو قدرا من ضبط النفس.)

The lexigoraphic definition of the lexeme tantrum in most dictionries goes as follows ; " A fit of bad temper". It goes without saying that "Temper" is a term used to describe the "emotional or mental state".Accordingly,agitation "الهياج" is not necessarily incidental to every frisson of bad temper, as bad temper may be accompanied by just sullenness and sulkliness. Hence, a fit of bad temper should not be identified with agitiation "الهياج" that the word "ثورة" may connote. The word "فورة" is used to render the sense of the bout-like nature and ephemerality of the incident in general.